Credibilidad del testimonio y microexpresiones. Empleabilidad como prueba psicológica forense en casos de abuso infantil
Credibility of testimony and microexpressions. Employability as forensic psychological evidence in cases of child abuseContenido principal del artículo
La credibilidad del testimonio constituye un pilar fundamental en los casos de abuso sexual infantil, donde frecuentemente la única prueba que se tiene es el testimonio de la presunta víctima. En algunos casos la víctima no tiene desarrollado un lenguaje verbal suficiente como para ofrecer un testimonio suficientemente elaborado para ser valorado por el perito psicólogo. Por ello, el objetivo de esta revisión fue describir y analizar los indicios emocionales o microexpresiones para emitir juicios de credibilidad. Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica sistemática incluyendo exclusivamente estudios empíricos. Se concluyó que no es recomendable un uso exclusivo de estos indicios para valorar la credibilidad de un testimonio, debido a su baja frecuencia y bajas tasas de precisión encontradas. Esto supone una gran limitación, junto al resto de factores que envuelven a las microexpresiones, para la admisibilidad de estos indicios en contextos forenses como pruebas para valorar la credibilidad del testimonio.
The credibility of the testimony constitutes a fundamental pillar in cases of child sexual abuse, where frequently the only evidence available is the testimony of the alleged victim. In some cases, the victim does not have sufficient verbal language to offer sufficiently elaborate testimony to be assessed by the psychologist expert. Therefore, the objective of this review is to describe and analyze emotional signs or micro-expressions, to make credibility judgments. A systematic bibliographic review has been carried out, exclusively including empirical studies. It was concluded that an exclusive use of these clues to assess the credibility of a testimony is not recommended, due to their low frequency and low accuracy rates found. This represents a great limitation, together with the rest of the factors that surround the microexpressions, for the admissibility of these indications in forensic contexts as evidence to assess the credibility of the testimony..
Descargas
Detalles del artículo
Brackett, M., Rivers, S., y Salovey, P. (2011). Emotional intelligence: Implications for personal, social, academic, and workplace success. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 5(1), 88-103. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9004.2010.00334.x
Ekman, P. (2003). Darwin, deception, and facial expression. Annals of the New York Academy of sciences, 1000(1), 205-221. https://doi:10.1196/annals.1280.010
Hurley, M. (2012). Do you see what I see? Learning to detect micro expressions of emotion. Motivation and Emotion, 36(3), 371-381. https:// Doi: 10.1007/s11031-011-9257-2
Jordan, S., Brimbal, L., Wallace, D. B., Kassin, S. M., Hartwig, M., y Street, C. N. (2019). A test of the micro-expressions training tool: Does it improve lie detection?Journal of Investigative Psychology and Offender Profiling,16(3), 222-235
Juez, resuelve sobre un caso de abusos por las expresiones y gestos del menor. (30 de marzo de 2018). La Vanguardia. Recuperado de https://www.lavanguardia.com/vida/20180330/442055218919/juez-resuelve-sobre-un-caso-de-abusos-por-las-expresiones-y-gestos-del-menor.html
Matsumoto, D. Hwang, H., López. R., y, Pérez-Nieto M. (2013). Lectura de la expresión facial de las emociones: Investigación básica en la mejora del reconocimiento de emociones. Ansiedad y Estrés; 19: 121-129
Matsumoto, D., y Hwang, H. S. (2011). Evidence for training the ability to read microexpressions of emotion. Motivation and Emotion, 35(2), 181-191. https://Doi: 10.1007/s11031-011-9212-2
Mayer, J., y Salovey, P. (2007). ¿Qué es la inteligencia emocional? En J. M. Mestre & P. Fernández- Berrocal (Coords.), Manual de inteligencia emocional (pp. 23-43). Madrid: Pirámide
McDonald, K., Newby-Clark, I. R., Walker, J., y, Henselwood, K. (2017). It is written all over your face: Socially rejected people display microexpressions that are detectable after training in the Micro Expression Training Tool (METT). European Journal of Social Psychology, 48(2), O175-O181
Metzinger, T. (2006). Exposing lies. Scientific American Mind, 17(5), 32-37
Porter, S., y, Ten Brinke, L. (2008). Reading between the lies: Identifying concealed and falsified emotions in universal facial expressions. Psychological science, 19(5), 508-514
Porter, S., Ten Brinke, L., y, Wallace, B. (2012). Secrets and lies: Involuntary leakage in deceptive facial expressions as a function of emotional intensity. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 36(1), 23-37
Shen, X. B., Wu, Q., y, Fu, X. L. (2012). Effects of the duration of expressions on the recognition of microexpressions. Journal of Zhejiang University Science B,13(3), 221-230
Ten Brinke, L., Porter, S., y, Baker, A. (2012a). Darwin the detective: Observable facial muscle contractions reveal emotional high-stakes lies. Evolution and Human Behavior,33(4), 411-416
Ten Brinke, L., MacDonald, S., Porter, S., y, O’connor,B. (2012b). Crocodile tears: Facial, verbal and body language behaviours associated with genuine and fabricated remorse. Law and human behavior, 36(1), 51
Ten Brinke, L., y Porter, S. (2012). Cry me a river: Identifying the behavioral consequences of extremely high-stakes interpersonal deception. Law and Human Behavior,36(6), 469
Warren, G., Schertler, E., y, Bull, P. (2009). Detecting deception from emotional and unemotional cues. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 33, 59–69 doi: 10.1007/s10919-008-0057-7
Zhang, M., Fu, Q., Chen, Y. H., & Fu, X. (2014).Emotional context influences micro-expression recognition. PloS one, 9(4), e95018. https://Doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095018